What does the term 'self-organization' refer to in systems theory?

The term 'self-organization' in systems theory specifically refers to the capacity of systems to structure themselves without external direction. This concept highlights how complex systems can spontaneously develop organized patterns or structures from local interactions among their individual components.

In self-organizing systems, small changes or interactions can accumulate to result in larger, coherent structures or behaviors. This ability is crucial in various fields, such as biology, ecology, and even technology, where systems adapt and evolve based on internal dynamics rather than being imposed by external forces. The phenomenon illustrates how order can arise in a seemingly chaotic environment, emphasizing the intrinsic adaptability and resilience of the system.

For instance, in an ecosystem, species may interact with each other in a way that leads to a balanced distribution of resources without any central planning. This is a clear example of self-organization at work, showcasing the inherent capacity of the system to create its organizational framework.