What major international agreements address land use, land-use change, and forestry activities?

The Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are significant international agreements that specifically address land use, land-use change, and forestry activities. The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and it includes provisions related to the use of forests as a mechanism for carbon accounting.

In addition, both agreements recognize that land-use changes can have a substantial impact on carbon emissions and climate change. They provide frameworks for countries to implement strategies for sustainable land management, aiming to mitigate climate change effects through these activities.

While other options mention important agreements and initiatives related to the environment and sustainability, they do not focus as specifically on the aspects of land use and forestry in the same context as the Kyoto Protocol and UNFCCC. The Montreal Protocol is primarily focused on the protection of the ozone layer, and the Rio Declaration and Earth Summit highlight general principles of sustainable development without specifically addressing land-use change in detail.